基本结构
英语句子的成分与现代汉语中学的句子成分类似基本构成也包含非谓语动词树状图
主谓宾有时有补语状语还有插入语等成分由做谓语的动词在句子中称为谓语动词一般来说没有谓语的句子是不完整的由于谓语是说明主语的所以没有谓语的例句就像个没头的苍蝇让人觉得很乱不知所云但是有些句子中谓语是可以省略的比如感叹句What a silly thing (you have done)!括号内的是句子的主语和谓语部分均可省略
所以掌握动词用法非常重要在英语中极为重要.动词做谓语放在主语或宾语之后,比如:I love you中, love就是谓语动词,又如You know what I know.中,两个know都是谓语成分,紧跟在施动者后.这是谓语动词的普通用法.动词一般都可以做谓语,其中Do可以代替大多数谓语动词.
至于特殊的谓语动词用法很灵活,比如虚拟语气中,谓语动词常采用过去时.有的谓语还有固定用法,比如If I were you I would tell him the truth.这里就体现的是虚拟语气中Be动词的固定变化,须识记.
还有一些可充当谓语动词使用的动词性短语,如turn off,look into,break up... ...
谓语动词Predicative Verbs非谓语动词Non-predicative Verbs
动词可充当非谓语和谓语,充当谓语即谓语动词. 谓语动词在形态变化上受主语的限制有人称和数的变化它是一个句子或一个从句中不可缺少的一部分
非谓语动词有着动词不定式动名词分词三大类其中分词又分现在分词与过去分词形式上现在分词与动名词相同
概念
表示主语动作的词语和词组.
例如我看电视看就是谓语
你正在上网上网也是谓语
I see a girl.我看见一个女孩看见"see"就是这个句子的谓语而see也是个动词所以就叫做谓语动词She is very beautiful.她很漂亮"is"就是这个句子的谓语也是动词
而短语动词就是动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词例如
Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上turn off是短语动词
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种
1动词+副词如blank out
2动词+介词如look into
3动词+副词+介词如look forward to构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词
引申非谓语动词也是动词但不能作谓语只能作主语表语宾语补语状语定语非谓语动词又分为动名词不定式现在分词和过去分词
比较
1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语
Miss Mary teaches us English.
玛丽教我们英语teaches 动词作谓语
Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.
维克托先生上周来我们教室和我们谈话 to have a talk.... 不定式作目的状语
2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制
Larke likes the pop music.
拉克喜欢流行音乐 动词用单数第三人称形式作谓语
Larke has nothing to do today.
拉克今天没什么事要做do 用原形补充说明nothing
非谓语动词的特征
1 如果非谓语动词是及物动词后面须跟宾语
Studying English is my favorite.
学习英语是我的爱好studying 后跟宾语
To help him is my duty.
帮助他是我的责任help 后跟宾语
2 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语
Working under such a condition is terrible.
在这样的环境下工作太可怕了(under such a condition 是 working 的状语)
It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time.
他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了for him 作不定式的逻辑主语
3 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化
I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.
对不起让你久等了to have kept...是不定式的完成形式
Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful.
从山上看这座城市美丽多了Seen from...是分词的被动形式
4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用
Our coming made him happy.
我们的到来使他很高兴coming 起名词作用
There are two big swimming pools here.
主谓一致
主谓一致是指
1 语法形式上要一致即单复数形式与谓语要一致
2 意义上要一致即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致
3 就近原则即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语
一般来说不可数名词用动词单数可数名词复数用动词复数
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时谓语动词用复数形式
e.g. Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
Large quantities of water are needed.
Large amounts of money are enough.
In western countries, mountains of rubbish are thrown away each day.
1. 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
Reading and writing are very important.
注意 当主语由and连结时如果它表示一个单一的概念即指同一人或同一物时谓语动词用单数and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
2.如果以what从句作主语表语又是单数主句的谓语动词一般用单数如果表语是复数主句的谓语动词一般用复数
What caused the accident is a complete mystery.
What his father left him are a few English books.
注意当what引导的名词性分句作主语时主谓一致问题极为复杂著名学者周海中教授在论文关于what-分句作主语的主谓一致问题中就这一问题做了深入研究并给出了10种的主谓一致关系这些一致关系值得英语学习者和使用者特别注意
典型例题
例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注 先从时态上考虑这是过去发生的事情应用过去时先排除A.C.本题易误选D因为The League secretary and monitor 好像是两个人但仔细辨别 monitor 前没有the在英语中当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词后面的职务用and 相连这样本题主语为一个人所以应选B
主谓一致中的靠近原则
1) 当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
2当either… or… 与neither… nor 连接两个主语时谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致 如果句子是由here, there引导而主语又不止一个时谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致
Either you or she is to go.
Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.
谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时谓语动词与前面的主语一致
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
He as well as I wants to go boating.
谓语需用单数
1 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数
Each of us has a tape-recorder.
There is something wrong with my watch.
2 当主语是一本书或一条格言时谓语动词常用单数
The Arabian Nightis a book known to lovers of English.
天方夜谭是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书
3 表示金钱时间价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时通常把这些名词看作一个整体谓语一般用单数(用复数也可意思不变)
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
Ten yuan is enough.
指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定
All is right. (一切顺利)
All are present. (所有人都到齐了)
2 集体名词作主语时谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时意为这个集体中的各个成员用单数时表示该个集体
His house isn't very large. 他的家不大
His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式
Are there any police around?
3有些名词如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数有时看作复数
A number of +名词复数+复数动词
The number of +名词复数+单数动词
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
与后接名词或代词保持一致
1 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时动词通常与of后面的名词代词保持一致
Most of his money is spent on books.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
2 在一些短语如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时谓语动词多用单数形式但由more than… of 作主语时动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市