例题
典型例题1
The next morning she found the man ___ in beddead.
A. lyingB. lieC. layD. laying
答案A.find的宾语后面用分词或分词短语起宾语补足语作用现在分词表达主动也表达正在进行过去分词表达被动
典型例题2
Charles Babbage is generally considered___ the first computer.
A. to inventB. inventingC. to have inventedD. having invented
答案A. 由consider to do sth. 排除BD此句只说明发明这一个事实不定式后用原形即可而C为现在完成时发明为点动词一般不用完成时且此处也不强调对现在的影响因此不选C
定义
语态动词和参与此动作的主语之间关系的一个术语当主语是动作的发起者或之一时称为主动语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者不定式一般要用被动语态形式如
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.不定式作主语是被动语态to be invited是被邀请
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.不定式作主语
I wish to be sent to work in the country.不定式作宾语
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?不定式作定语
He went to the hospital to be examined.不定式作状语
在There be结构中修饰主语的不定式可用被动也可用主动如There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同如There is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
形式
1) 现在式一般现在时表示的动词有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再见到你
2) 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3)进行式表示动作正在进行与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生
He seems to be eating something.
4)完成进行式
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
一般在表示情绪的动词后加to do也表将来
疑问词
疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语在句中作主语宾语表 语等如
①When to leave for London has not been decided yet. 不定式在句子中做主语
②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. 不定式在句子中做宾语
③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. 不定式在句子中做直接宾语
④The question was where to get the medicine needed. 不定式在句子中表语
以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分均可转换为相应的从句形式如①When we shall leave…③…how I
could learn……
经常在这种结构中使用的动词有consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等
Find 特殊用法
Find 后可用分词做宾补或先加形式宾语再加形容词最后加带to 的动词不定式find后也可带一个从句此类动词还有gethave
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
进行式
形式
to be + 现在分词
He seems to be following us.他好像在跟着我们
用法
①用于助动词之后
He must be coming by bus.他一定是乘公共汽车来的
You shouldn't be reading a novel.现在你不应该看小说你应该看课本
②用于apprarhappenpretendseem之后
I happened to be standing next to him when he collapsed.相当于
It happened that I was standing next to him when he collapsed.他倒下的时候我恰巧站在他身边
③hope 和promise之后或agreearrangedecidedetermine/be determinedplanundertake之后但用于hope和promise后更常见
I hope/hoped to be earning my living in a year's time.相当于
I hope I will/I hoped I would be earning……我希望在一年之内能自食其力
完成进行式
形式
to have been + 现在分词
He seems to have been spying for both sides.
他似乎一直在为两方面搞秘密情报
用法
只要用于助动词之后和appearseem之后但也可以用在happenpretend以及believeknowreportsayunderstand的被动式之后
He appears to have been waiting a long time.相当于
It appears that he has been waiting a long time.
看来他已经等了很久了
He pretended to have been studying. 相当于
He pretended that he had been studying.
他假装一直在学习的样子
特殊句型
so as to
1 表示目的它的否定式是so as not to do
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去别惊醒了婴儿
2)so kind as to 劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?劳驾现在几点了
2 "Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议
"为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"
例如
Why not take a holiday
干吗不去度假
3It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点表示客观形式的形容词如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的
2of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格品德表示主观感情或态度的形容词如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我你真是太好了
for 与of 的辨别方法
用介词后面的代词作主语用介词前边的形容词作表语造个句子如果道理上通顺用of不通则用for如
You are nice.(通顺所以应用of)
He is hard.(人是困难的不通因此应用for)
4不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1too…to太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak.他太激动了说不出话来
Can I help you 需要我帮忙吗
Well,I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it,but thank you all the same.不用了这箱子太重恐怕你搬不动谢谢您
2) 如在too前有否定词则整个句子用否定词表达肯定 too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义意 为不太
It's never too late to mend.(谚语)
改过不嫌晚
3)当too 前面有only,all,but时意思是非常… 等于very
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家
否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候她假装没看见
典型例题
1Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut notB. not to shutC. to not shut
D. not shut
答案Btell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.
2)She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A.not to seeB. not seeingC. to not see
D.having not seen
答案Apretend 后应接不定式其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.
3Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to driveB. to never driver
C. never drivingD. never drive
答案Awarn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the streetbut his mother told him ____.
A. not toB. not to doC. not do it
D. do not to
答案Anot to 为not to do it 的省略形式可以只用to这个词而不必重复整个不定式词组及物动词do后应有名词代词等否则不对因此BD不对
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat noB. eating notC. not to eat
D. not eating
答案Cwarn一词要求后用不定式此处为不定式的被动否定形式为be warned not to do
作状语
1目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车
I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别
2作结果状语表事先没有预料到的要放在句子后面
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3)表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard,but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sitB. sit onC. be seatD. be sat on
答案B.如果不定式为不及物动词其后应有必要的介词
当动词与介词连用时常位于形容词+动词不定式结构的末尾
完成式
表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作
He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了
I hate to have quarreled with her. 我后悔和她吵架了
I believe it to have been a mistake. 我相信这是一个错误
You appear to have travelled quite a lot. 你似乎作过多次旅行
Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. 对不起给了你这么多麻烦
Its said to have been built in the Ming dynasty. 据说它是明朝修建的
表示在某个给定的时间之前已完成的动作
I hope to have finished the work by now. 我希望现在以前已完成这项工作
表示过去未曾实现的想法和愿望
I should like to have come earlier. 我本想早点来的
We were to have been married last year. 我们本来打算去年结婚的
句型用法
在There be句型中的动词不定式
For example one,There are too much homework to write.
two,There are students writing too much homework.
作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
adviseallowbelievecausechallengecompeldeclareencourageforbidforcefindhireinduce instructinvitelikeorderpermitpersuaderemindrequestrequireselectsendsupposetelltrainurge
例句
a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍
b.We believe him to be guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的
2) to + be 的不定式结构作补语的动词
Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover, fancy(设想),feel,find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解), show,suppose,take(以为),understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一
3) to be +形容词
Seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported,hope, wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思
4)there be+不定式
believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里
有些动词需用as 短语做补语如regard,think believe,take,consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师
Mary took him as her father .玛丽把他当作自己的父亲
5)秃头不定式作补语
秃头不定式 即不带to的不定式其语法功能一般在句子中作宾语的补语宾语补足语
用秃头不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词如下
口诀五看三使役两听一感要记住若是宾补变主补主补to字不能无动词let属例外其宾补/主补to均无说明
五看-----see/watch/notice/observe/look at三使役-----have/make/let两听-----hear/listen to一感-----feel
例句I often see him go to school on foot.(秃头不定式作宾语补足语) He is often seen to go to school on foot.(不定式作主语补足语要带to) Let him try again.---- He is let try again.(let的主补与宾补均用秃头不定式)
作表语
不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为
①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.
当主语和表语都是不定式时其含义一是条件一是结果例①当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组例②时或以what引导的名词性分句例③不定 式说明主语的内容
④Our work is serving the people.
⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.
⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.
④⑤句动名词作表语与主语部分可以转换如Serving thepeople is our work,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语说明主语的性质状态现在分词具有形容词的各种特征另外动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来
作主语
动词不定式作主语时句子的谓语动词常用单数其位置有以下两种
(1)把不定式置于句首如
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.骑自行车到那儿将花费我们半个小时
To make up for lost time is not possible.要弥补失去的时光是不可能的
To lean out of the window is dangerous.身子探出窗外很危险
To save money now seems impossible.现在好像不可能存钱
(2)用it作形式主语把真正的主语不定式置于句后常用于下列句式中如
①It+be+名词+to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old.这是照顾老人是我们的责任
②It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work?你花了多少时间来完成这项工作
③It+be+形容词+for sb+to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.我们难以在四分之一小时内完成这篇作文
It is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says.你把老师说的所有东西都记下来的行为是很愚蠢的
It is an offence to drop litter in the street.在马路上乱丢废物是违章的
④It seems(appears)+形容词+to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
在句型③中常用表示客观情况的形容词如difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等在句型④中常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词在不定式前的sb可看作其逻辑主语这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式 如It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.
⑤It + 不定式结构可位于believe/consider/discover/expect/find/think和wonder之后
He thought it would be safer to go by train.他认为乘火车比较安全
He will find it is hard to make friends.他会感觉到交朋友困难
⑥不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语
To have made the same mistake twice was unforgivable.两次犯同样的错误是不可原谅的
It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.爱过而后失去了爱比从未爱过要好
(3)举例
1 It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;
the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.当你不用车的时候锁车是有必要的
2 It's very kind of him to help us.他帮助我们他真好
Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢竟然相信了他
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西这显得太自私了
注意1 其他系动词如lookappear等也可用于此句型
2 不定式作为句子成分时动词用单数形式
3 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is to believe.眼见为实
(错)It is to believe to see.
相互区别
不定式与介词"to"区别
to 有两种用法
一为不定式+动词原形
一为介词+名词动名词to 在下面的用法中是第二种即to+ 名词/动名词
admit to承认confess to承认be accustomed to 习惯于be used to 习惯于 stick to 坚持 turn to开始着手于 devote oneself to 献身于be devoted to 致力于 look forward to 盼望pay attention to 注意
介词but,except,besides+to do(do)
在这种句型中如介词前有动词do后面应接不带to的不定式如无do则接to不定式即带do不带to 带to不带do如
The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.
On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.
区别联系
1 动名词与不定式的区别
动名词表达的是状态性质心境抽象经常性已发生的不定式表达的是目的结果原因具体一次性将发生的
2 接不定式或动名词意义相同
3在下列情况下一般要用不定式
①hate,like,love前有would(should)时如I'd like to have a cup of coffee.
②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时如Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.
③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时如I soon began to understand what was happening.
⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语或带不定式作宾语补足语如
Our teachers don't permit our/us swimming in the lake.
Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.
4 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时意义差别较大应根据句子语境选择使用
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式表示现在或未来的动作接动名词表示动作已经发生如
Don't forget to post the letter for me.
Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?
Remember to close the windows before you leave.
I remember writing him a letter a year ago.
We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.
They regretted ordering these books from abroad.
语义不同
目录
1stop to do停现在做的去做另一件事stop doing停止正在做某事
2 forget to do忘记去做某事forget doing忘记做了某事
3remember to do记得要去做某事remember doing记得做过某事
4 regret to do遗憾做某事regret doing遗憾做了某事
5cease to docease doing
6 try to do努力做某事try doing试着做某事
7go on to do继续去做某事go on doing继续做某事
8 afraid to do担心做某事afraid doing担心正在做的事
9interested to do对做某事感兴趣interested doing对正在做的感兴趣
10 mean to do打算做某事mean doing做某事很有意义
11 begin/ start to do开始去做某事begin/ start doing开始做某事
forget doing/to do
forget to do忘记要去做某事(未做)
forget doing忘记做过某事(已做)
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着他忘记关了(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了( 已做过关灯的动作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来(to come动作未做)
典型例题
The light in the office is still on.
OhI forgot___.
A. turning it offB. turn it offC. to turn it offD. having turned
it off
答案C由the light is still on 可知灯亮着即关灯的动作没有发生因此用forget to do sth.
而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了而自己忘记了这一事实此处不符合题意
stop doing/to do
stop to do停止中断做某事后去做另一件事
stop doing停止做某事
They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来抽了根烟
I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了
典型例题
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___on a big rock by the
side of the path.
A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest
答案C由题意可知她到了山顶停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息因此应选择stop to do sth.
停下来去做另一件事而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止所以stop doing sth.不正确
remember doing/to do
remember to do 记得去做某事(未做)
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局
Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗
regret doing/to do
regret to do对要做的事遗憾(未做)
regret doing对做过的事遗憾后悔(已做)
I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做我实在没有办法
I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔
典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well,now I regret ___ that.
A. to doB. to be doingC.to have doneD.having done
答案Dregret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾regret to do sth.
对将要做的事感到遗憾本题为对已说的话感到后悔因此选D
cease doing/to do
cease to do长时间甚至永远停做某事
cease doing短时停止做某事以后还会接着做
That department has ceased to exist forever.那个部门已不复存在
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时停了会聊天
try doing/to do
try to do努力企图做某事
try doing试验试着做某事
You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我试着种果木花卉但未成功
go on doing/to do
go on to do做了一件事后接着做另一件事
go on doing继续做原来做的事
After he had finished his mathshe went on to do his physics.做完数学后他接着去做物理
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完这个练习后接着做其他的练习
be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do不敢胆怯去做某事是主观上的原因不去做意为怕
be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况结果doing 是客观上造成的意为生怕恐怕
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of beingbitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着而不敢在草丛中再走一步
She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫
She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫
.
be interested doing/to do
interested to do对做某事感兴趣想了解某事
interested in doing对某种想法感兴趣doing 通常为想法
I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道发生了什么事(想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣你想过这事吗?(一种想法)
mean doing/to do
mean to do打算想
mean doing意味着
I mean to go,but my father would not allow me to.我想去但是我父亲不肯让我去
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力
begin(start) doing/to do
begin / start to do sth
begin / start doing sth.
1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时使用doing.
How old were you when you first started playing the piano你几岁时开始弹钢琴
2)begin,start用进行时时后面动词用不定式to do
I was beginning to get angry我开始生起气来
3)在attempt,intend,begin,start 后接know,understand,realize这类动词时常用不定式to
do
I begin to understand the truth
我开始明白真相
4)物作主语时
It began to melt.
⒉动词不定式的时态语态
(1)时态
①一般式动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后有时表示同时发生.如
I hope to become a university student this year.(to become发生在hope之后)
We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.(play和hear同时发生)
②完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前.如
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
We are too young to have seen the old society.
③进行式表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生.如
The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when I came in.
They seemed to be discussing something important.
(2)语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者不定式一般要用被动语态形式如
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.(不定式作主语)
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主语)
I wish to be sent to work in the country.(不定式作宾语)
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired (不定式作定语)
He went to the hospital to be examined.(不定式作状语)
在There be结构中修饰主语的不定式可用被动也可用主动如There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同如These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
⒊动名词的时态语态
(1)时态
①一般式动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指也可与谓语动词同时发生或发生在谓语动作之前或之后如
We are interested in collecting stamps.
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.
We are not afraid of dying.
②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前如
Imagine having travelled on the moon.
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.
(2)被动语态
①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者动名词要用被动语态动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分如
The young man came in without being noticed.
He prided himself on having never been beaten in class.
②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式但表示被动意义如
The bike needs repairing.
If a thing is worth doing,it is worth doing well.
⒋在口语中为避免重复常用to代替不定式结构有时甚至可以把to省略如
①-Did you go to visit the Great Wall
-No,I wanted to,but there wasn't enough time.
②-Would you like to come to a party
-I'd love to.
③-Don't make any mistakes in your homework,will you
-I'll try not to.
④-Try to be back by 12,won't you
-OK,I'll try.
另外be going to,ought to,used to等也常用于这一结构中
⒌在why引起的问句中省略to如
Why spend such a lot of money
Why not wait for a couple of days
⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时只在第一个不定式前加to如
It's quite necessary for us to read more and have more practice.
⒎to在下列短语中是介词后接动名词或名词形式如
devote…to,face up to(勇敢地面对),look forward to(盼望),object to(反对),take to(养成习惯对……感兴趣开始从事某种活动),be used to(习惯于)等
相关省略
介绍
1情态动词( 除ought 外ought to意思是应该是情态动词只有一种形式后边接动词不定式to不能省略ought to没有人称和数的变化后接动词原形可以表示现在将来或过去将来由时间状语或上下文决定例如
They ought to come tomorrow.他们明天应当来)
2使役动词let,have,make
3感官动词see,watch,look at,notice,observe,hear,listen to,smell,feel,find 等后作宾补省略to
注意在被动语态中则to 不能省掉
在使役动词中get除外(get sb. to do sth.)
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4 表示个人意愿或倾向的would ratherhad bettermight(just) as wellrather than置于句首时
Rather than ride on a crowded bus,he always prefers to ride a bike.
5 Why… / why not…
6 help 可带to也可不带to,help sb (to) do sth
7 but和exceptbut前是动词do时后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式
8 由and,or和than连接的两个不定式第二个to 可以省去
9 通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think,understand等词后可以省去to be
He is supposed (to be) nice.他应该是个好人
10but作介词后接不定式结构时前面谓语动词部分若含有do的形式时but后的不定式要省去to否则要带to
He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
11当两个或多个不定时短语由连词andbut或or连接时后一个或几个不定式符号to常省略但若表示对比对照关系时则不能省略
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,not to make it more difficult.
12不定式做表语时一般要带to但若主语部分中含有do的各种形式时符号to可省去
We've missed the last bus.All we could do now is walk home.
典型例题
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try goingB.trying to goC.to try and goD.try going
答案D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式因此选D
2 Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learnB. to learnC. learnedD. learning
答案B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式当其用于被动时to 不可省略
被动式
不定式被动式的用法
不定式到底用主动形式还是被动形式往往取决于句子的意思即意思上为主动就用主动形式意思上为被动就用被动形式
Did it need to be done so soon? 这事需要这么快就做吗?
She cant bear to be laughed at. 她受不了被人嘲笑
There was business to be taken care of. 有生意要人管理
It remains to be seen whether you are right. 你是否正确以后见分晓
There was a lot of rubbish to be got rid of. 有大量垃圾需要扔掉
不定式完成被动式的用法
不定式的完成被动式表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动动作
Im pleased to have been given this opportunity. 给了我这次机会我很高兴
Its said to have been built in the Ming dynasty. 据说它是明朝修建的
作宾语
1) 以下动词后只能跟不定式作宾语
afford 付得起agree同意aim(力求做到)appear显得arrange安排ask要求attempt 试图care想要choose决定claim声称condescend屈尊consent准许decide决定demand要求determine决心endeavor竭力expect期待fail未履行help帮助hesitate犹豫hope希望learn学会manage设法neglect疏忽offer主动提出plan计划prepare准备pretend假装proceed接着做promise答应prove证明refuse拒绝resolve解决seem觉得好像swear发誓tend往往会threaten预示undertake承诺volunteer自愿做vow发誓want想要wish希望
举例
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案
2 动词+疑问词+ 不定式
decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机我都拿不定主意买哪一种
注意疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时谓语动词用单数
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施
3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时先用形式宾语it代替不定式把不定式置于补语之后即主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式如
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.
He feels it his duty to help the poor.
I find it difficult to learn English well.
作定语
⒈不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语置于被修饰的名词或代词之后如
①The next train to arrive is from Washington.
②Do you have anything to be taken to your sister?
③Do you have anything to say on the question?
④Would you please give me some paper to write on?
⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last.
不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系
(1)表示将来的动作例①
(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系如是不及物动词则需加介词例④
(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时尽管有被动含义却仍 用主动语态例③如只有动宾关系而无逻辑上的主谓关系则需用被动语态例②
(4)不定式作定语时一般可转换为定语从句例①to arrive=that will arrive
专项训练
This company was the first __IS__ portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world.
A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced
2. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, ____it more difficult.
A .not making B. not make C .not to make D. nor to make
3. Helen had to shout ______above the sound of the music .
A .making herself hear B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D .to make herself heard
4. I dont know whether you happen_______ ,but I am going to study in the U.S.A this September.
A .to be heard. B. to be bearing C .to hear D .to have heard
5. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______the film stars had left.
A .to tell B .to be told C .telling D .told
6. You were silly not _______your car.
A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked
7. The teacher asked us ______so much noise.
A .dont make B. not make C. not making D .not to make
8. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered _____clear warnings before firing any shots.
A .to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued
9. Id rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than_______ a room with someone else.
A. to share B. to have shared C. share D. sharing
10. The bank is reported in the local newspaper_________ in broad daylight yesterday.
A. robbed B. to have been robbed
C. being robbed D. having been robbed
11. A number of paintings in the castle are believed ________in a fire.
A. being destroyed B. having been destroyed
C. to be destroyed D. to have been destroyed
12. The meeting _______ next week is sure to be a great success.
A. to take place B. to be taken place
C. to have taken place D. being taken place
13. As a result of my laziness, I failed ________ my work in time.
A. and finishedB. to finishC. and finishingD. to finished
14. I am sorry ______ written you a letter at the time.
A. to have notB. to not haveC. not to haveD. not having
15. Will you lend him a magazine _________?
A. to be readB. for readingC. to readD. he read
16. He could do nothing but _______for the bus _________.
A. wait, to come B. wait; come C. waiting; coming D. waited; came
17 .It is a problem that doesn't need ________ right now.
A. to solveB. solvingC. being solvedD. to be solving
18. Theres a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _______ trouble.
A. making B. to make C. to have made D. having made
19. I remember _______him _______the bike needed __________.
A. hearing, saying, to repair B. to hear, say, to repair
C. hearing, say, repairing D. to hear, saying, to be repaired
20. --- You should have thanked her before you left.
--- I meant _________, but when I was leaving I couldnt find her anywhere.
A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing so
21. Robert is said to __________ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study B. to be studying D. to have been studying
22. Im gong to Xian next week. Have you anything __________ to your parents?
A. to take B. to be taken C. to be bought to D. to buy
23. when are they __________ in their plan?
A. hand B. handed C. to hand D. give
24. In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they _____________.
A. have survived B. are to survive C. would survived D. will survive
25. When we hurried to the station, there happened ________ no bus at that time.
A. to have B. to be C. having D. being
26. I lost my way in complete darkness and, _________ matters worse, it began to rain.
A. made B. having made C. making D. to make
27. At ________ time does the salesgirl get up late in the morning, though she is always too busy _________ a good rest.
A. no, to take B. no, taking C. any, to take D. one, taking
28. --Are you a student?
--No, but I used _________.
A. to be B. to was C. to do D. to be a
29. I stopped to listen, and my son seemed _________ himself _________ in the living room.
A. to enjoy, to shut B. to be enjoying, shutting
C. to be enjoying, shut D. to have enjoyed, having shut
30. With a lot of difficult problems _________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
31. Were leaving at six oclock, and hope _________ most of the journey by lunch time.
A. to do B. to have done C. to make D. to have made
32. The study of the wild world may help to make the world easier _________.
A. understood B. to be understood C. to understand D. understand
33. Who will you get __________ the project for us?
A. design B. to design C. designed D. designing
34. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government know __________.
A. it what to do with B. what to do it withC. what to do with it D. to do what with it
35. We are not allowed __________ outdoors with some other children.
A. playing B. to be playing C. to play D. be playing
36. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _________ to carry all the way home.
A. much too heavy B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much
37. She feels so strongly that each of us should have a role ____in making the earth a better place to live in.
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing
38. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _________.
A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to
39. Do let your mother know all the truth, she appears _________ everything.
A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told
40. There are five pairs ___________, but Im at a loss which to buy.
A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing
41. The problem is _________ difficult for us __________.
A. so; work out B. very too; to be worked out
C. rather too, to work out D. quite too, to work it out
42. ---Where should I _________ my application?
---The personnel office is the place __________.
A. send; to send it B. send for; to send it to
C. send for; for sending it D. send; to send it to
43. Ive worked with children before, so I know what ___________ in my new job.
A. expected B. to expect C. expects D. to be expecting
44. I feel it is your husband who ___________ for the spoiled child.
A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame
45. Can you imagine the questions I had __________ our teacher?
A. asked B. to ask C. asking D. ask
46. Who did you _________ the wall yesterday?
A. have painted B. have paint C. have to paint D. have painting
47. ---Whats the matter with John?
---He didnt pass the test but he still ___________.
A. hopes so B. hopes to C. hope it D. hope that
48. Much attention should be paid ____________ peoples living conditions.
A. in improving B. to improve C. improving D. to improving
49. ___________ that evening was due to his ill health.
A. He failed to come B. That he failed to coming
C. His failure to come D. His failure in coming
50. I would love _______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
51. My family considers ________ a computer, which is considered ________ a great help in our work and study.
A. to buy; to be B. buying; being C. to buy; being D. buying; to be
52. With the plane _________ in ten minutes, all the passengers on board were asked to turn off their mobile phones.
A. taken off B. taking off C. to take off D. would take off
53. Thank you for all the trouble youve taken _________ me.
A. to help B. with to help C. in helping D. of helping
54. He is believed ________ the college exam, for he is now studying very hard now.
A. to pass B. to have passed C. pass D. that he can pass
55.--- Will you have anybody _________ the flowers?
---- Yes, Ill have the flowers _________.
A. plant, planted B. to plant, planted
C. plant; to be planted D. to plant , plant
56. They are looking forward with hope________ from you soon.
A. to hearing B. of hearing C. hearing D. to hear
57. Busy translating a book, he couldnt help _________ the article.
A. write B. writing C. wrote D. written
58. Zhou Lan doesnt have to be made__________. She always studies very hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learning D. learned
59. ________this cake, youll need 2 eggs, 175 g sugar, and 175 g flour.
A. Having made, B, Make C. To make D. Making
60. I feel it an honour _________ to speak here.
A. to be asked B. to ask C. having asked D. asked
1---10 BCDDB BDACB 11---20 DABCC ABBCB 21---30 ABCBB DAACC
31-40 BCBCC ABCDB 4150CDBAB BBDCB 5160 DCAAA AABCA
"To"-不定式
在英语中不定式最常用于质词"to"之后 例如在 "to walk", "to cry", "to eat", "to fear".这种用法叫做to-infinitive莎士比亚在著作哈姆雷特的独白时就大量采用了这类不定式动词
To be or not to be ...
To sleep, perchance to dream ...
经常跟在to后形成不定式的动词包括:
例如:
I arranged to stay the night. ("我已安定好今晚留在这里")
We intend to go skiing this weekend. ("我们打算这个周末去滑雪")
I swear to honour you. ("我发誓为你增光")
He sought to notify them of this new occurrence.
这些有宾词然后加上有to的不定式的动词包括 (连同以上带有星号的动词): advise, allow, challenge, command, compel, condemn, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, help, induce, inspire, instruct, invite, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, program, remind, teach, tell, train, urge, warn.
有些动词之后加 for + 宾词 + to-然后不定式. 通常这些动词包含渴望的意思不能单单在后面加上宾词和不定式 (though an infinitive alone may work). 这些动词包括 apply, arrange, ask, call, clamour, long, opt, plead, press, vote, wait, wish, yearn.
例如:
I have arranged for the neighbour to water the plants. 我已安排邻居浇水
I pleaded for him to accompany me to the theatre. 我请求他陪我到戏院去
不定式的时态
Infinitives in English exist in many aspects. Here is a table showing these different tenses for the verb to cook.
主动式 | 被动式 | |
|---|---|---|
现在式 | (to) cook | (to) be cooked |
现在进行式 | (to) be cooking | / |
过去式 | (to) have cooked | (to) have been cooked |
过去进行式 | (to) have been cooking | / |